Strategic Management Analysis Managing change Essay

Key Management Analysis Managing change - Essay Example For the situation concentrates viable, we will see two sorts of associations - one neighborhood open area association and the other a private one. Both these associations have been confronting issues because of the changing condition dependent on the components talked about before. Let us have a large scale level image of the issues looked by each. In our later areas we will likewise talk about the different speculations identified with change the executives and break down the two associations and their methodologies in the light of these hypotheses. The open segment association being talked about is the Haram Commune. A collective is the essential degree of the neighborhood government in Norway. Haram is a region of one of the districts of Norway, which is confronted with a changing segment profile of its populace. As the region doesn't have adequate profession openings, it is confronted with the departure of youthful populace looking for better vocation prospects outside Haram bringing about lack of youthful, exceptionally taught and gifted labor. The future nearby activity advertise is relied upon to be more information based and thus requires exceptionally instructed workforce. The cooperative, which was so far an open help association, expected to change its method of working to make Haram an alluring business goal. We will break down the different methodologies and their results in our later conversation. Our subsequent association, Marks and Spencer, had been exceptionally effective till 1998. Anyway from that point forwar d it began confronting misfortunes because of expanded rivalry, absence of capacity to change with time and hazard evasion procedures. The case later examinations the different techniques utilized by two CEOs, Holmes and Rose, with the point of turning the organization around. We will dissect the different methodologies in our later areas and furthermore attempt to perceive what could be a feasible change the executives approach. Writing audit Looking at the significance of progress for today’s associations, change the board has been a significant subject of study and a great deal of examination has been done in such manner. A few analysts recommend a progress change model whereby â€Å"four interlocking administration forms lead to† usage of maintainable change in an association (Paton, Paton and McCalman 2008). These procedures are portrayed as †trigger layer, vision layer, transformation layer and support and reestablishment layer (Paton, Paton and McCalman 200 8). Reasonable change the board expects associations to distinguish and open for change to encash upon circumstances instead of to beat emergencies. They have to have administration with a dream which sets up and tracks the future course of an association. (Pettigrew and Whipp 1991). This vision ought to be changed over to genuine activities by social event support inside the association. What's more,

Venus Boyz Essay Example for Free

Venus Boyz Essay In the Euro-American worldview, the idea of sex, sex and sexuality is exceptionally discussed. The general public rearranges the sexual orientation jobs, and branches it out into two classifications of: manly and female. People gain from the cultural standards to carry on in manners fitting to their sex, as it sees sexual orientation consistent to the sex of an individual. The sexual orientation framework in the general public, looks to place them in a progressive set up, where a man is on the top naturally. In such a framework, individuals are endorsed to take up the job of the sex they are allocated by the social framework. Men are viewed as forceful, judicious, prevailing and target creatures who have power, competency, productivity and accomplishment. While ladies then again are viewed as detached, instinctive, accommodating and emotional and esteem love, correspondence, excellence, and relationship. The possibility of dualism that one who advances and the one with power makes it is anything but difficult to depict male-female as a lot of inverse characteristics. In contemporary America, authoritative manliness is characterized by the physical quality and bluster, elite heterosexuality, concealment of â€Å"vulnerable† feelings, for example, regret and vulnerability, financial autonomy, authority over ladies and other men, and serious enthusiasm for sexual â€Å"conquest†. Manliness is constantly observed as a structure above gentility. Gentility is along these lines organized around that of manliness. Its prime component is its allure to guys, the concealment of â€Å"power† and feelings of outrage, supporting kids, caring for the family. Manliness and gentility are the social similitudes of male predominance and female concealment. Woman’s unpaid works of being a home-creator is as yet cheapened, and are inclined to get explicitly bothered and separated based on the work done by ladies. Society anticipates that men should rule, and ladies to stifle, consequently sex, essentially, is viewed as socially and socially developed. There exists various manners by which men can be separated from ladies dependent on the clothing regulation. Be that as it may, a lady dressing like a man doesn't bring up issues, rather than the male wearing skirts. Society negates of components which obscure the line between a man and a lady, along these lines it makes the same number of differentiations as it can. Language additionally is viewed as a separating factor among manliness and gentility. The pronouns he/she, his/hers, him/her, solitary present the two limits. In this manner, by characterizing the two boundaries, it verifiably expresses that they are contrary energies. Sexual orientation is likewise observed a presentation. Individuals are raised to play out a â€Å"certain way†-a young lady is raised to be progressively female, and be timid, while a kid is raised to be extreme and increasingly manly. Along these lines, sex is viewed as a social develop, contingent upon how the individual is relied upon to carry on. Nonetheless, the exhibition cumulates and assumes control over the life of the person, as they are required to lead themselves in a manner that fits in with the general public. In any case, what is disregarded is the manner by which it could have suggestions with a specific goal in mind that would lead the individual into sexual orientation imbalance a young lady brought up in a female manner, is profoundly inclined to getting segregated dependent on the pay or looked downward on by the man. Sex, characterized as the organic qualities that characterize a male and a female-hormones, gonads, genitalia, chromosomes, and so on., is viewed as a consistent idea to the sex of an individual. An individual brought into the world with a penis is seen obviously as male, and an individual brought into the world with a vagina, is named a female. Individuals have attempted to present speculations and thoughts in order to break the two-sex framework. The Euro-American worldview for the intersex youngster explains on its privates. In the event that the phallus is between 0-1 centimeters, it is acknowledged as clitoris, and on the off chance that it is between 3-5centimeters, it is acknowledged as the penis. Be that as it may, a phallus running anyplace between 2-3 centimeters would represent the medical procedure. Anna Fausto-Sterling, makes reference to in her book, Sexing the Body, that in the event that a baby is brought into the world with uncertain genitalia, at that point the specialists progress in the direction of reestablishing them to â€Å"normal†. And furthermore since it is genuinely simple to build a â€Å"hole† instead of a â€Å"pole†, an organically conceived male’s penis is hacked off in the event that it is excessively little. In this manner, sex is likewise socially built, in order to have the option to fit into the two pairs accessible to us. Sexuality in the Euro-American culture, doesn't constantly mean a male body explicitly pulled in to a female body. It is seen under three classifications: heterosexuality, homosexuality and indiscriminateness. In the western culture, singular articulation is given more significance and this exemplified in the film Venus Boyz. Venus boyz is the main narrative component film that encourages perceivability and new light on the issue of female manliness by and large, and of drag rulers specifically. An incredible Drag King Night in New York is the purpose of takeoff for an excursion to transgendered universes, where ladies become men some for a night, others for their entire lives. Ladies execution of manliness has once in a while been anticipated on TV, sitcoms, television shows, or amusement. Venus Boyz is exceptionally affected by the American culture on the loose. The film’s principle concerns are identified with the issue of stable character classes and its rebellious impacts on the supposed normal sexual orientation framework. Sexual orientation: * A sexual orientation development. is the means by which it turns the riddle of sexual orientation. * Social idea. * Gender personality. ‘Woman’, ‘man’, ‘masculinity’, ‘femininity’, etc, are not fixed elements which essentially consent to the correlative ‘sex/sexual orientation system’; rather, these thoughts structure some portion of a continuous procedure by which conventional character classifications can be challenged and returned to. Western worldview lady are beneath men. Transgender consider them to be * Gender is an exhibition expressed in the film. * Transgender.  * Movie investigates female manliness brings up issues about social developments and impression of sexual orientation. * â€Å"I feel that everybody has a male, female, manly, and ladylike side, yet not every person decides to investigate the other side.† * Gender preparing. The proper behavior like a man.- male generalizations * Some of the women carry on male ways of life as a method of directing their male soul, or making a third sexual orientation other than â€Å"male† or â€Å"female†. They don’t essentially relate to, or need to make themselves into men. Sex: * natural attributes that characterize a man and a lady. Hormones, genetelia, gonads. * Girl discusses Feeling like a man. * The lady with the wig-goes over exceptionally gender ambiguous. * Some ladies tie on dildos as a feature of their change; male-transgender workshop members go around a â€Å"faux penis† more flexible than standard sex toys. Sexuality: * Female sexuality connected to a woman’s hair, whenever shaved off, men no longer consider that to be as sexual. * Relationship between the genders is en route to essential change. No longer idea of proliferation a crucial part of sexuality. * Despie of dressing like a man, wants men, yet doesn't distinguishes herself as gender ambiguous. Do you think they comprise a third sex or potentially sexual orientation? No, falls under the continuum of the two pairs.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 3, 2020

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for February 3, 2020 Sponsored by Get Booked: The Handsell. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals No One Is Coming to Save Us by Stephanie Powell Watts for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Monsoon Mansion by Cinelle Barnes  for $0.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Sellout by Paul Beatty for $3.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Wicked Saints by  Emily A. Duncan for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals The Forgotten Man by Robert Crais for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. We Have Always Lived in the Castle by Shirley Jackson for $1.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. I Am, I Am, I Am: Seventeen Brushes With Death by Maggie OFarrell for $4.99. Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Previous Daily Deals That Are Still Active As Of This Writing (Get em While Theyre Hot!): North of Happy by Adi Alsaid for $1.99 Enlightenment Now by  Steven Pinker for $1.99 The Burning Chambers by Kate Mosse for $2.99 The Surgeon by  Tess Gerritsen for $2.99 The Third Angel by  Alice Hoffman for $2.99 Whiskey When We’re Dry by  John Larison for $1.99 The Essex Serpent by Sarah Perry for $3.49 Possessing the Secret of Joy by  Alice Walker for $1.99 Astonish Me by  Maggie Shipstead for $2.99 Speak by  Laurie Halse Anderson for $1.99 F*ck That: An Honest Meditation Jason Headley for $1.99 Wonton Terror: A Noodle Shop Mystery by Vivien Chen for $2.99 Conversations with Friends by  Sally Rooney for $2.99 Other People’s Houses by  Abbi Waxman for $1.99 Feel Free by Zadie Smith for $1.99 The Famished Road by Ben Okri for $1.99 The Face  by  Dean Koontz for $2.99 Cari Mora by Thomas Harris for $4.99 Chronicle of a Death Foretold by  Gabriel García Márquez for $2.99 Two Steps Forward Graeme Simsion and Anne Buist for $1.99 Breakfast of Champions by Kurt Vonnegut for $2.99 The Epic Crush of Genie Lo by F.C. Lee for $1.99 Finding Gideon by Eric Jerome Dickey for $1.99 The Last Time I Lied by  Riley Sager for $1.99 Burn Baby Burn by Meg Medina for $1.99 That Kind of Guy by Talia Hibbert for $3.99 The Awakened Kingdom by N.K. Jemisin for $2.99 Odd and the Frost Giants by Neil Gaiman for $3.99 The Immortalists by Chloe Benjamin for $1.99 Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $4.09 The Lost: A Search for Six of the Six Million by  Daniel Mendelsohn for $1.99 The Twelve-Mile Straight by  Eleanor Henderson for $1.99 The Incendiaries by R.O. Kwon for $4.99 Rejected Princesses by Jason Porath  for $1.99 Once Ghosted, Twice Shy by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Snow, Glass, Apples by Neil Gaiman for $2.99 A Princess in Theory by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 The Happiness Project by Gretchen Rubin for $1.99 Everythings Trash, But Its Okay  by Phoebe Robinson for $4.99 Tiny Pretty Things  by Sona Charaipotra and Dhonielle Clayton for $4.99 Nefertiti by Michelle Moran for $3.99 The Broken Circle: A Memoir of Escaping Afghanistan by Enjeela Ahmadi-Miller for $1.99 Death by Dumpling: A Noodle Shop Mystery by Vivien Chien for $2.99 The Readers of Broken Wheel Recommend by Katarina Bivald for $1.99 Instant Pot Obsession: The Ultimate Electric Pressure Cooker Cookbook for Cooking Everything Fast by Janet A. Zimmerman for $2.99 Ash Princess by Laura Sebastian for $1.99 Year of Yes by Shonda Rhimes for $2.99 A Quiet Life in the Country by T E Kinsey for $1.99 The Duchess War by Courtney Milan for $4.99 The House of the Spirits: A Novel by Isabel Allende for $1.99 Native Son by Richard Wright for $2.99 Mangos and Mistletoe: A Foodie Holiday Novella by Adriana Herrera for $2.99 Guapa by Saleem Haddad for $1.99 The Unlikely Escape of Uriah Heep by H. G. Parry for $4.99 Empire of Sand by Tasha Suri for $4.99 Fatality in F (A Gethsemane Brown Mystery Book 4) by Alexia Gordon for $4.99 Reckless by Selena Montgomery for $3.99 Cant Escape Love by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Brown Girl in the Ring by Nalo Hopkinson for $5.99 Ark by Veronica Roth for $1.99 Ten Women by Marcela Serrano for $3.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 Ormeshadow by Priya Sharma for $3.99 Sisters of the Vast Black by Lina Rather for $3.99 Prophecy  by Ellen Oh for $2.99 Along for the Ride  by Mimi Grace for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

How Islam Can Help Smokers Quit

One of the dangers of tobacco is that it is so addicting. It causes a physical response in your body when you try to give it up. Therefore, quitting is often difficult. However, some people may find that with the help of Allah and the personal commitment to improving yourself for the sake of Allah, and for your own health, it is possible. Niyyah — Make Your Intention It is first recommended to make the firm intention, from deep in your heart, to give up this evil habit. Trust in Allahs words: ...When you have taken a decision, put your trust in Allah. For Allah loves those who put their trust in Him. If Allah helps you, none can overcome you; if He forsakes you, who is it — after that — that can help you? In Allah, then, let believers put their trust (Quran 3:159-160). Change Your Habits Secondly, you must avoid situations where you are used to smoking and people who do so around you. For example, if you have certain friends who gather together to smoke, make a choice to stay away from that environment for the time being. At a vulnerable stage, it is too easy to relapse by having just one. Remember, tobacco causes a physical addiction and you must stay away completely. Find Alternatives Thirdly, drink a lot of water and keep yourself busy in other endeavors. Spend time in the mosque. Play sports. Pray. Spend time with your family and non-smoking friends. And remember the words of Allah: And those who strive hard in Our Cause, We will certainly guide them to Our Paths, for verily Allah is with those who do right† (Quran 29:69). If You Live With a Smoker If you live with or are friends with smokers, first of all, encourage them to quit, for the sake of Allah, their health, and their deen. Share with them the information here, and offer support through the difficult process of quitting. Remember that we will each face Allah alone, however, and we are responsible for our own choices. If they refuse to quit, you have the right to protect your own health and the health of your family. Do not allow it in the house. Do not allow it in enclosed quarters with your family. If the smoker is a parent or other elder, we should not neglect to take care of our health out of respect. The Quran is clear that we are not to obey our parents in things which are forbidden by Allah. Gently, but firmly, advise them of the reasons for your own choices.

Similarities in Araby by James Joyce and Young Goodman...

The stories â€Å"Araby,† which was written by James Joyce and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† which was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, both contain an important similarity between the reason for the protagonists feeling harassed and unhappy towards the end of the story. The similarities between both the stories are each of the protagonists are idealistic and get crushed by a reality that shocks them. In the story â€Å"Araby† the protagonist is portrayed by the author to seem young, which limited his ability to see past his dull, dead-end neighborhood. The author explains the boy’s carefree mindset by describing how the protagonist and his friends would run through the back lanes of the houses and hide in the shadows when they reached the street again.†¦show more content†¦The protagonist arrives just as everything is pretty much closed down. With nothing to purchase and almost feeling like he made the trip for nothing, the boy has a shocking reality. Instead of explaining to her that the fair closed early or realizing that he does not need gifts to express his feelings towards Mangan’s sister, the narrator simply gives up. His arrival at the bazaar fades into the night and he is left with the unsatisfying result that his feelings for Mangan’s sister would also soon fade. In the story ‘’Young Goodman Brown† the protagonist lives in a Paritan community and is married to his wife Faith of 3 months. In the time period the story takes place there was much speculation about witch craft and the devil causing harm throughout the village. When the protagonist goes to woods he is greeted by a man who resembles him in appearance, I interpreted this as reflecting on him as a person because he is aware of the sin that fills the woods. The difference between the narrator and the man he meets when he enters the woods is the man’s serpent carved stick. This evil man is seemed to represent the devil and his conniving ways. The man offers narrator the staff, saying that it might help him walk faster to get to where he is headed. By accepting the stick the narrator falls to temptation. Soon he hears the voice of the minister of the church who has apparently also fell to the same temptation. The narrator triesShow MoreRelated Analyses of Short Stories Essay examples4756 Words   |  20 PagesAnalyses of Short Stories Nathaniel Hawthorne, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† Goodman Brown was not asleep in this short story. As I read, I believed that Goodman did indeed meet the devil in the forest. If he had indeed dreamt about the trip he was sent on and meeting the devil, I think his nervousness would have been described in more detail then it was. Concentrating more on the anxiety he was feeling would have led the reader to believe that the events were not real. I also saw this storyRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesturning point of the narrative actually occurs. Nor is there any special reason that the crisis should occur at or near the middle of the plot. It can, in fact, occur at any moment. In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and in a number of the other companion stories in â€Å"Dubliners† the crisis – in the form of a sudden illumination that Joyce called an epiphany – occurs at the very end of the story, and the falling action and the resolution are dispensed with al together. Exposition and complication can also be omitted

Classroom Etiquette and Dealing with Disruption Free Essays

University of California, Davis Office of Student Judicial Affairs Establishing Classroom Etiquette and Dealing with Disruption The tone of the classroom interaction has a significant impact on the educational environment. These days, the pervasive use of devices such as cell phones and the fact that some students may be unaware of University behavioral standards or the impact of their actions on others can lead to repeated distractions and interruptions. University of California Standards of Conduct for Students provide that students may be disciplined for â€Å"disruption or obstruction† of teaching or other University functions, and for failure to identify themselves to or comply with the directions of University officials, as well as other violations of conduct standards (see UC Standards of Conduct at http://sja. We will write a custom essay sample on Classroom Etiquette and Dealing with Disruption or any similar topic only for you Order Now ucdavis. edu/scs. html) Set the stage for a positive classroom experience by: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Stating reasonable and clear expectations in advance Defining conduct standards and discussing rules of etiquette in your syllabus and during class Giving examples of desired conduct as well as unacceptable behavior Explaining the reasons for your classroom expectations and inviting student comments and suggestions Being a role model for expected behavior and keeping your relationship with students friendly and professional Responding when disruption occurs: If you believe inappropriate behavior is occurring, start by cautioning the whole class rather than warning a particular student. A technique is to stop class, calmly indicate the problem (e. g. side conversations, cell phones) and state that class cannot continue until the behavior stops. Before resuming, enlist the support of others by reminding the class that the disruptive behavior is taking away from class time and may result in some exam material not being covered in class. Students also have academic freedom, so it is important to exercise authority with compassion and self-restraint. It is best to correct innocent mistakes and minor first offenses gently, without ridiculing students’ remarks. †¢ If it becomes necessary to speak to an individual student about disruptive behavior, do so after class in a discreet manner. If the situation requires an immediate response in class, calmly and courteously ask the student to stop the conduct and to talk to you after class or during office hours. You may want to inform the class that students may be disciplined for disrupting class, and to reiterate that message if you talk with an individual student outside class because of his or her behavior. Remind the student that continued disruption may result in permanent removal from the class. †¢ A student should be asked to leave class if he or she engages in disruptive behavior that impedes your ability to teach the class productively. You have the right to contact the police if the student refuses to leave. If the student’s refusal to leave creates a safety risk or makes it impossible to continue class, you may also dismiss class for the day. If this happens, immediately contact Student Judicial Affairs (SJA). †¢ If a student is persistently disruptive refer him/her to SJA for disciplinary action. However, a disruptive student cannot be permanently removed from a class without a formal review, either through the student disciplinary process or through academic channels including the department and dean’s office (see Dir. 88-128) For more information about confronting cheating, about the disciplinary process, or about the Code of Academic Conduct, please call SJA at (530) 752-1128 or see our website at http://sja. ucdavis. edu. †¢ UC Davis Office of Student Judicial Affairs, January, 2007 What is disruptive behavior? Depending on the size and nature of your class what is considered â€Å"disruptive† may vary. In general, disruption and obstruction include b ehavior that interferes with, disrupts, or prevents normal classroom functions or activities. Disruptive behaviors can range from mildly distracting to clearly disorderly, violent, or dangerous. Depending on course rules set by the instructor, disruption in the classroom may include: †¢ †¢ †¢ side conversations, ringing cell phones or using a cell phone to talk or send text messages interrupting the instructor or other students monopolizing class discussion and refusing to defer to instructor, or listen to others; persisting when the instructor has indicated that the student’s remarks are off topic and it is time to move on entering late/leaving early, oving about the classroom filming, photographing, or taping the class yelling, arguing, swearing, bullying, or other intimidating behavior reading, sleeping, eating, drinking, or not paying attention shuffling through papers, cleaning out a backpack or purse during lecture showing up to class under the influence of alcohol/drugs †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Who decides what is disruptive ? Faculty have the authority and discretion to set rules that foster student learning. As a matter of academic freedom these rules can be tailored to the subject matter and the instructor’s teaching methods and learning objectives. For these reasons, the course instructor is the one who makes a determination about what constitutes disruptive behavior. SUGGESTED EXPECTATIONS TO INCLUDE IN A SYLLABUS The following expectations are to enhance your ability to learn in this class, to avoid disruption and distraction, and to improve the quality of the classroom experience. Repeated failure to meet these expectations may result in a lower grade for the course. Entering/Exiting Class: †¢ †¢ Please arrive on time to class and stay for the entire class period. Late arrivals and early departures are disruptive. If despite your best effort you arrive late, please quietly take a seat at the back of the classroom. Similarly, in the rare event that you must leave class early (e. g. for a medical appointment), email me in advance to let me know, then sit close to the rear door and leave as unobtrusively as possible. If you can’t be there on time or must always leave early because of a class or work conflict, either seek specific permission from me or do not take the class. During exams, ask permission before leaving to use the restroom. Try to use the restroom before coming to class. †¢ Noise: †¢ †¢ When class begins, please stop your conversations. Wait until class is completely over before putting your materials away in your backpack, standing up, or talking to friends. Electronic Devices: †¢ No taping, filming, or photography in class without my prior permission (whether by camera, cell phone, or other means). These activities are distracting and inhibiting to faculty and other students, may infringe upon privacy or copyright, and have a chilling effect on classroom discussion. Cell phones should be turned off. No talking on cell phones, text messaging, or emailing on laptops during class. Wait until after class to return any calls received. No listening to iPods or other electronic recording devices during class. †¢ †¢ Email Etiquette: †¢ †¢ †¢ You are expected to write as you would in any professional correspondence. Email communication should be courteous and respectful in manner and tone. Do not send emails that are curt or demanding. Do not expect an immediate response via email (normally, a response will be sent within two business days). If your email question is sent at the last minute it may not be possible to send you a response before an assignment is due or a test is given. Do not post personal information about yourself or others about third parties to the class list serve. For example, if you are having trouble with a lab partner you should see the instructor in person to discuss the specifics of the issue. Participation: †¢ †¢ †¢ [If participation is used as part of calculating the student’s grade] Because participation is counted as part of your grade, missing class could negatively impact your grade. Disrupting class could also lower your participation grade. Keep on the topic at hand. If you have questions off the current topic, address these outside of class at office hours or by email with the TA or instructor. Do not talk out of turn. Wait to be recognized before speaking and do not try to dominate a discussion with your questions or comments – give others a fair opportunity to participate. Common Courtesy: †¢ †¢ †¢ Do not read the newspaper during class. The shuffling of pages can be very distracting. Food and drink are discouraged in class. There may be times that you need a beverage or small snack during class. Avoid bringing in large meals or food that is noisy when unpackaged or chewed. Show respect for me and fellow classmates. Do not interrupt another who is speaking. It is okay to disagree with an idea but not okay to ridicule or make fun of another person and his/her ideas. Raised voices, derogatory language, name-calling, and intimidating behavior will NOT be tolerated. Do not disturb others by engaging in disruptive behavior. Disruption interferes with the learning environment and impairs the ability of others to focus, participate, and engage. †¢ How to cite Classroom Etiquette and Dealing with Disruption, Papers

Teenagers In The United States Are Experimenting With Sexual Activitie

Teenagers in the United States are experimenting with sexual activities more and more today than ever before. According to Charles Krauthammer, "Sex oozes from every pore of the culture and there's not a kid in the world who can avoid it." (Meier, 1994, p. 7). Teenagers are surrounded by some sort of sexual connotations all the time. Whether it is television, radio, school, or even the Internet, teenagers are hearing the affects of sex on our society. The price that teenagers pay for being sexually active greatly outweighs any advantages. The period of puberty occurs somewhere between the ages of 10 and 14 for most but can vary for different people. Heredity, health problems, and emotional and physical stress can cause these variations. Teens begin to experiment with the opposite sex by hugging, kissing and other forms of sexual expression. People are capable of creating babies as soon as puberty begins. Teens also watch more television and listen to more music developing their own u nique personalities. According to one study, about 65,000 sexual acts or comments on prime-time television occur every year (Meier, 1994, p. 9). In the movies or on television, the actors and actresses make sex look easy, fun and glamorous. It appears to be something everyone is doing. On television shows like "Dawson's Creek", sex is usually the major topic of the entire show. Whether it is guys and girls, guys and guys, girls and girls, or multiple persons of each sex, the sex act itself is a major conflict. Movies, such as "Cruel Intentions", portray sex as a game. The main characters are placing bets on each other that one of them will have sex with some girl who is against the idea of premarital sex. That movie is rated R, but little kids were in there with their parents. Those types of movies are not meant for a young audience. Now those kids might end up having sex when they become teenagers. Those same teenagers might often be the ones that get pregnant. Teenage pregnancy ha ppens so often that people hardly even recognize it anymore as a negative affect on our society. Experts estimate that the combination of lost tax revenues and increased spending on public assistance, child health care, foster care and the criminal justice system totals about $7 billion annually for births in teens. Despite a 20-year low in the teen pregnancy rate and an impressive decline in the teen birth rate, the United States still has the highest teen pregnancy rate of any industrialized country (Casey Foundation, 1996). That's not saying a whole lot for our nation. In Kids Having Kids: A Robin Hood Foundation Special Report on the Costs of Adolescent Childbearing, researchers note, "During her first 12 years of parenthood, the average adolescent mother receives income and food stamps valued at just over $17,000 annually..." Recent declines in pregnancy and birth rates, however, are encouraging. The rates keep dropping and are showing no signs of increase, yet. The rate of pre gnancies has dropped from a peak of 117 for every 1,000 young women ages 15 to 19 in 1990, to 101 in 1995. That 14 percent drop brought the rate to its lowest level since 1975 (Casey Foundation, 1996). Rather than deal with a pregnancy after the fact, more teenagers seem to be trying to prevent pregnancies. Teenagers are learning to better use contraceptives and are using them more frequently than before. Some teenagers are aware of the contraceptives available, but they just choose not to use them. Others may find it difficult and embarrassing to talk to their partners about birth control or contraceptives. Contraceptives such as the condom, Depo-Provera, diaphragm, IUD (intrauterine device), and the pill are effective more than 80% of the time. Some of those, more than 90%. Nine in 10 sexually active women and their partners use a contraceptive method, although not always consistently or correctly. About one in six teenage women practicing contraception combine two methods, primar ily the condom with another method (Guttmacher, 1998). The only method effective 100% of the time is abstinence, which means not having sex at all. Although there are contraceptives, they only work so much percent of the time. The

Sedimentary rocks can become a significant reservoir for the adsorption of uranium The WritePass Journal

Sedimentary rocks can become a significant reservoir for the adsorption of uranium Summary Sedimentary rocks can become a significant reservoir for the adsorption of uranium SummaryIntroductionGeological SettingSampling ProcedureSample Pre-treatment ProcedureSuggested Analytical TechniquesRadiochemical Analytical TechniquesAlpha, Gamma, and Liquid Scintillation CountersXRD XRFEMPAINAAICP-AESLA-ICP-MSTIMSAMSSIMSGDMSICP-MSBibliographyRelated Summary Radon is an important factor that could result in health hazard by many investigations. This health hazard can be minimized by preventive measures in the North of Derbyshire area due to high level of radon concentration. In the North of Derbyshire, are the largely composed of shales and limestones   having a high level of radon; therefore, Determination of radium isotopes and radon gas has been an important part of the University of   Manchester research programs in Derbyshire. This report also provides a brief description of the both radiochemical and mass spectrometric techniques have been used to determine radium isotopes in barite collected samples from the North of Derbyshire. Introduction Sedimentary rocks can become a significant reservoir for the adsorption of uranium. The presence of clay minerals and organic matter can support the adsorption of uranium (1). Barite is a sedimentary rock which consists largely of barium sulphate and small   concentrations of   F, Sr , and SO3   (2). Due to similarity of chemical properties between barium and radium and   since their location underneath each other in the periodic table, normally radium precipitates with barium in veins forming a   very stable crystalline structure of barium and radium [Ba(Ra)SO4] (3) . Therefore, barite has a relatively considerable amount of radium and its decayed daughter radon as well. Radon is a radioactive noble gas that is produced through decay radium. It has naturally three different isotopes, 219Rn (Actinon), 220Rn (Thoron) and 222Rn (Radon), where 222Rn with a half-life of 3.8 days is most important isotope of radon while other isotopes are very short-lived (219Rn 55.6s, 220Rn 3.96s). According to the recoil-theory, as during alpha decay of radium to radon the energy released causes the alpha particle to be fired away from the nucleus and the newly formed radon atom is fired in the opposite direction to the alpha particle,   the recoil energy of 222Rn transports each atom of radon approximately 20-70 nm in a rock and different possible paths can be identified; therefore, the chance of radon atoms escaping out of grain into the pore space is greater once radium atom is located near by the surface of the grain (4) and radon progeny remains embedded in the grain. In addition, radon can also emanate from minerals in barite but it is very slow process. Since ba rite is unconsolidated rock, radon atoms can escape from the barite grains into pore space to be emanated (5). Radium has four naturally occurring isotopes shown in the flowchart among these isotopes radium-226 and radium-228 have been the most studied as they are the most radiotoxic due to their radiological effects,   both have long biological half lives. For radium-223 and radium-224, they are less importance because of their very short half lives.   Moreover, 223Ra, from uranium-235 decay series, has a comparatively   very low natural abundance in comparison to the   other naturally occurring radium isotopes. 224Ra as previously mentioned is less importance due to fact it is a daughter of 228Th and 228Th is immobile elements (6). There is only oxidation state for radium (П); therefore, no other stable oxidation states exist meaning no solid phase thermodynamic diagrams exist for radium either so for this reason radium chemistry is considered simple. Radium and Radon gas were identified as environmental contaminants and posses a health hazard to human associated with both ingestion of Ra and the inhalation of Rn and its daughter products (7). Many scientists have extensively investigated these elements since 1950s due to their health risk. High concentrations of radon in houses and soil gas in some areas in the UK are associated with two factors. The main factor is the distribution of uranium-bearing source rocks. The classic example is the high heat producing granitic rocks that lead to high radon values in SW England and Aberdeenshire. Other area of the UK also have high radon. One particular hot spot is the Peak district of Derbyshire where there is a relationship between limestone outcrops and high level of radon. The second factor is related to he availability of fracture and   permeable pathways that can act as conduit for the transport of soluble radium which is the source of the radon (8). The association of radon and granitoids is found worldwide. For instance, the highest indoor and soil-gas radon levels in Czech Republic are most associated with granites, granodiorites, syenites in Bohemai containing 12-20 ppm of uranium (9). In Germany, the highest radon occurs over granites and the soil gas radon associa ted with German granites span from 100 to 200 BqL-1 for uranium (10). In France, one of highest radon levels occur in in Hercynian metagranitoids in western France (11).   In Bulgaria, Sandstone in Servia was found to contain high concentration of uranium up to 50 ppb (12). The Peak District is of particular interest because the limestones host the South Pennine Orefield, a series of large vein structures containing galena, fluorite, barite and calcite mineralisation (Ixer and Vaughan, 1993). These were formed from late or post Carboniferous hydrothermal fluids in dilating fractures and are major conduits for present day radon migration. Many studies have found that radium is concentrated in barite scales from oilfield drilling operations,   and barite bearing sludge can contain thousands of picocuries per gram of radium (compared to radium in typical soils ranging of 0.5 to 5 picocuries per gram) (13). Moreover, some states have enacted to protect their environment and others considered to set regulations for NORM. Therefore the barite of the Pennine Orefield may contain evidence of a palaeo-radium (and radon) migration through the fracture system. The primary objective of this study is to assess the processes controlling the behaviour and concentrations of the long lived Ra isotopes and Rn in barite and carbonate. The first focus is on the Peak District as it represents an active radon area with associated health risks to the public. The limestone of this area has been studied by the Health Protection Agency Radiation Protection Division (HPA-RP) examining the link between soil gas radon and ground based uranium, as well as between airborne uranium and indoor radon concentrations. The levels of indoor radon in many buildings and caves are above the minimum acceptable level of 200 Bq m-3 (The UK Action Level) based on gamma spectrometry surveys. Moreover, this area was found to be high in uranium as the average reported values for uraunium in Monsal Dale Limestone at Chelmorton, Derbyshire is 5ppm (14) and relatively low in thorium and potassium, in comparison to the neighbouring areas, as defined by the radiometric data. How ever, there has not been any determination of Ra concentrations in scales or barite in area, recent or ancient. There is therefore interest in determining the Ra content of recently precipitated barite and calcite (in natural cave formations and pipe systems and examining ancient barite for evidence of daughter elements (Pb) reflecting original Ra contents. Interestingly, a new link between health effects and geology has gained considerable attention in a variety of respectable publishing journals leading to the birth of a science called ‘Health Geology or Medical Geology; this study is strongly linked   to this new emerging field of science (14). Geological Setting It is well know that geology of Derbyshire can be classified as MISSISSIPPI VALLEY-TYPE DEPOSITS (MVT) so that this Orefield can be compared with MVT deposit. South Pennine Orefield is located within Derbyshire Dome in central part of England.   South Pennine in Derbyshire as well in centre mostly consist of shale, limestone as the eroded part has been revealed belonging to Lower Carboniferous, and gritstone rocks .   The Limestone thickness is up to about 1800m and the rest is probably Precambrian volcanic where volcanic layers also occur within the limestone and these volcanic layers can form from basaltic lavas to tuffaceous clays in span from few meters down to few centimetres   (15). Therefore, the Carboniferous carbonate rocks overlie lower Paleozoic or Precambrian basement of volcanic rocks. In addition, Much of the limestone in south Pennine follows a gently undulating topography (16). Sampling Procedure For field sampling, A very detailed information with regard to the sampled location must be recorded in a lab note and the sampling procedure performance should also be written in the lab note recorded. This is standard practice and the information will be required for documentation for   future publishing the data and where location details as many publishers will be demanded a description of the studied area. Sample Pre-treatment Procedure In any analysis for geological materials   before it can be preformed, there must be certain criteria carried out in order to make sure no contamination might be in sample during sampling and handling processes and to make the analysis in highly optimum level of performance that surely can lead to high quality and healthy results (17). From previous experience, the weathering effect on the sample’s surface must be sufficiently removed using non-metallic tool. Once the weathered sample   is removed completely, the sample should be cleaned with deionized water and finally with ultrasonic for further cleaning (18). Finally, the sample must be thoroughly crushed and sieved and then dehydrated at highly elevated temperature in order to get rid from the moisture in both barite and minerals as it is important to remove the moisture because moisture can ruin the sample or might lead to false results such as in case of XRF because XRF is surface analytical technique. It is often preferable to use non-destructive analytical techniques in order to avoid introducing contaminations to the sample by the chemicals. It is proposed before starting the pre-treatment steps, loss on ignition (L.O.I) and loss on dry must be estimated with the row material as it is quite important to carry out (L.O.I) for later XRF analysis. L.O.I can easily be done using muffle furnace and the cooking standard procedure can be found elsewhere (19). Suggested Analytical Techniques In this section, analytical techniques for Ra and Rn gas will be briefly discussed. The analytical techniques can be broken into two categories, mass spectrometric techniques and radiometric techniques. In general, the preference between these techniques is that long-lived radioisotopes are better analyzed by mass spectrometric techniques whilst short-lived radioisotopes are preferably performed by radiometric techniques (20).   The radiometric and mass spectrometric techniques can also be divided into two groups, destructive techniques and non-destructive techniques. Radiochemical Analytical Techniques Alpha, Gamma, and Liquid Scintillation Counters The radiometric techniques which will be covered in this report are high resolution gamma spectrometry technique, alpha spectrometry technique, and liquid Scintillation counting (LSC) as they are most capable techniques widely used for radium concentration determination. First, we highlight some issues of radiometric techniques starting of gamma spectrometry. It is a very fast scanning and do not require any chemical separation so it is basically a non-destructive technique which allows us to determine many radioanuclides such as uranium isotopes and thorium isotopes in bulk samples (21).   For 226Ra, the determination can be carried out using gamma counter of the decay lines of immediate daughter 228Ac (22). 226Ra can also be easily quantified by gamma counter using different range of gamma energies, for instance, gamma line at 186.5 keV (3.59%) and gamma line of granddaughter 214Bi 351.9 keV (37.6%). However, there is a drawback in some of these gamma lines such as 214Bi 351.9 keV due to leak of radon gas, the daughter of 226Ra as well as the parent of 214Bi so radon gas can make the reliability of measurement very low. If radon-222 does not escape from the sample ( close system ), 226Ra can be determined by measuring any other of the direct shor t-lived progenies. There are two types of detector equipped in gamma counter, one so-called hyper pure germanium detector which most of gamma detector equipped with it due to higher efficient, the other one is so called sodium iodide which offers qualitative measurement and regards as fingerprinted of isotopes to be determined, thus it is less suitable for our study.   For further regarding gamma analysis for radium, it can be found in elsewhere (21) (23). Second, from previous experience dealing with   226Ra in geological and environmental samples using alpha spectrometry, it requires the sample to be in liquid form. A suitable acid   digestion procedure must be preformed, but keeping in mind that there are many minerals present in the barite and these minerals are highly acid resistant (refractory minerals). To overcome with refractory minerals it is preferable to digest the sample in Pt/Au crucibles in hot water path due to increase in heat conductivity instead of using Teflon beakers. A similar matched standard reference must be used in any destructive method in order to obtain healthy results and to accurately calculate the chemical yield of the chemical separation for quality control assurance reason. Therefore, it is highly recommended to order a barite certified reference material such as IGS 38 from US Geological Survey or any certified reference barite commercially available. 226Ra has a very clear peak in alpha spectrome try because the digestion method follow by ion-exchange (e.g AG1-X8) chromatography, that is a selective method to extract only Ra from the matrix and ultimately a very thin source in electrodeposited source must be made to improve the resolution. 224Ra can also be quantified by alpha spectrometry in the same run while measuring 226Ra. The major disadvantage of alpha spectrometry is related to tedious digestion procedure and longer counting time where the entire analysis may take up to several weeks in order to obtain the results. Third, 228Ra can be quantified by LSC, but this method requires very long chemical treatment to dissolve the sample following up an extraction by ion chromatography and it is very long analytical time which takes at least one month. 226Ra can be measured   using its granddaughter 214Po with the same digestive method as in 228Ra and then followed by extraction by organic scintillation cocktails. Other radionulides e.g. 222Rn can be analyzed in the same procedure like 228Ra (24) XRD This technique might be not a useful technique in the studied material of barite due to high level of concentration of barium that can strongly absorb the X-ray (25). XRF For our purpose in order to determine the major elements ( above 0.1% or 1000ppm ) XRF offers high precision for major elements as well as minor elements ( between 0.01-0.1% or 100-1000ppm ) determination. There are two types of equipments in XRF spectrometry, first is so-called energy   dispersive (ED-XRF) and the other is called wavelength dispersive (WD-XRF). The major difference between ED-XRF and WD-XRF is the resolution as WD-XRF is much more better over ED-XRF. There are other differences between ED and WD-XRF but they are not concern to us. Since barium is the major constituent element in barite matrix, it is better to use WD-XRF over ED-XRF because there is sever interference from titanium to barium in case of ED-XRF leading to inaccurate result for barium. It should be noted that XRF is not quite sensitive   for heavy elements like uranium and thorium due to use of L-lines which are less intense than K-lines (26). Analysis by fluorescence of x-rays (XRF) is a technique essentially based on comparison with standards, the accuracy and the reliability of XRF depends largely on the sample preparation. The preparation of the specimen is a process to obtain from the sample an entity. The matrix,   grain size effects,   atomic number correction, fluorescence correction and absorption correction should be taken into considerations when quantitative measurements are demanded. Therefore, it is preferable to use fused beads techniques to pressed pellets to avoid the matrix and grain size effects (27) and to improve the homogeneity of specimen for the analysis (28) and to not dust the X-ray tube. In addition, fusion technique has also important advantages such as possibility of high or low sample dilution for purpose of maximization of fluorescence intensities and possibility of adding internal standards to decrease or compensate for matrix effects (29) Furthermore, there is Fundamental Parameter Method in XRF, but it is less than accurate empirical methods (empirical method is previously described as methods using range of certified references to set up a calibration curve for analysis.)   because it is based on calculation and computation methods. EMPA Microanlytical technique of EMPA has limited of usefulness in our purpose due to high detection limits for uranium. However, for imaging using secondary electron technique, it enables us to visualize the minerals and their content. INAA INAA is considered the most accurate multi-element analytical technique especially for geological applications as it does not require any chemical separation nor treatment like in case of ICP-MS which is regarded as immune from contaminations of dissolution procedure. The accuracy of INAA is well know by many certifying bodies such as international Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and US Geological Survey (USGS) since they consider INAA as primary analytical technique (30). Most of elemental composition in barite can be accurately determined by INAA, except for Ba and Sr which INAA is not sensitive due to interferences (31). The disadvantages of INAA it needs an access to nuclear facilities such as research nuclear reactor or neutron source and deals with irradiated samples. Further, analysis by INAA takes longer time than any other techniques, 4-6 weeks. It is highly recommendable to carry out this analysis by INAA since it is the most accurate analytical technique ever used for uranium and thorium. However, INAA is not capable for radium determination. ICP-AES It is a destructive analytical technique which is based on fact the atoms of elements can take up energy from an inductively coupled plasma, are thereby excited, and then fall back into their ground state again emitting characteristic radiations. The identification of these radiations permit us for the qualitative analysis of a sample. A quantitative determination takes place on the basis of the proportionality in emission of light of unique frequencies and element concentration in calibration and analysis samples, is the fundamental basis of atomic emission (32) (33). This technique is not capable to quantify either radium or radon in barite sample. However, it is very useful to determine uranium and thorium down to ppt level but less accurate than ICP-MS. Mass Spectrometry Techniques The recent improvements in mass spectrometry since 1998 have enabled precise determination of radium as   substitute for conventional radiometric techniques previously described., especially the new development in multi-collector ICP-MS has offered a precise determination for radium as well as other radionuclides within very short time for analysis. The mass analyzers that are commercially available are quadarpole, time of flight, and double-focusing   sector field.   Quadrupole mass separation has been used in most common mass spectrometry but it has low resolution (34). Time of flight mass spectrometry is regarded as medium resolution mass analyzer while sector field   is   high resolution mass analyzer. Therefore the primary difference is the resolution. For our application, it would be better to consider using sector field mass spectrometry. The main advantage of mass spectrometry is short analytical time. However, in our case it is necessary to carry out chemical separation in order to remove barium before mass spectrometry analysis is taken place. It is required for isotopes study to carry out all the experimental conditions in a clean lab and to use high grade chemicals which are costly. LA-ICP-MS It is regarded as most   powerful multi-elements technique particularly for isotopic studies. However, probably it is not suited technique for elemental analysis. It is a destructive technique as well as microanalytical. Sample preparation for LA-ICP-MS is very simple that it reduces that risk of contamination, except glass disc preparation method. There are three methods of barite   sample preparation in LA-ICP-MS, as pressed pellet, on superglue, and as glass disc (fusion with sodium carbonate Na2CO3 ). Several laser ablation of ICP-MS concern the isotope analysis of radionuclides have been carried out with obtained relative standard deviation of less than 1% using reference materials (35) and the reported results by LA-ICP-MS are comparable to primary analytical techniques. TIMS Due to high concentration of barium present in barite where barium can cause a big interference to radium; therefore, this technique is not applicable to our study unless barium must be removed from barite (36). Because there is   quite similarity   in chemical characteristics of Ba and Ra   and to overcome with this difficulty   to it suggested in literature an   extraction chromtamatographic resin supporting a crown ether such as Sr-Spec   resin from Eichrom which needs many chemical separations (37). The Sr-Spec resin is very expensive (25 gram costs 1050 Euro without VAT) and according to my past experience it is only valid for max 10 runs because after the 10 runs the resin starts degrading. Moreover, I was able to obtain a chemical recovery of 92% for water samples which was comparable to the reported value in literature. Some scientists have reported fractionation of about 2-2.5% by TIMS and this fractionation is difficult to suppress; a correction of mass fractionation is required ( fractionation is part of isotopes ratio calculations )   (37) (38). AMS It has been demonstrated for radium isotopic analysis by many researchers in field of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) that AMS has higher sensitivity, easier sample preparation and requires smaller sample volume (weight) than alpha spectrometry and gamma spectrometry  Ã‚   (39) (40). In addition, AMS furnishes a very excellent determination with low interferences for radium and more importantly the capability of AMS to measure radium-228 without the necessity of waiting for the in grow time. The detection limit is comparable   for 226Ra to   alpha spectrometry but for 228Ra the detection limit is not so good. SIMS It is a surface analytical technique mostly used for depth profile studies for qualitative analysis, especially   in material science, but it is difficult to perform the analysis using SIMS for quantitative analysis due to loss in the   sensitivity. GDMS This has technique has low sensitivity for radionuclides and has limitation in our application; thus, it not useful for our purpose. ICP-MS One of most widely multi-elemental analytical technique used for geological materials. This technique needs the solid sample to be digested by suitable standard digestion method such as microwave assistant digestion method, although it is well know that microwave digestion[1] is not suited for geological materials due to hard matrix, open wet digestion which often used in geochemical labs, and fusion digestion using good flux at high temperature (900-1200 oC) but fusion is only employed for refractory elements, such as Ba and Sr in barite, determination in geological samples because flux can introduce interferences in the plasma and contaminate to the sample from Pt/Au crucibles. Moreover, fusion methods have disadvantage for trace elements measurements because of limited levels of purity of the fluxes. The sample preparation for ICP-MS, ICP-OES, and AAS is the same in case of elemental analysis order. In our study, it is important to separate barium and strontium from radium before the ICP-MS analysis in order to avoid isobaric interferences like 88Sr138Ba. Elemental Analyzer It is a technique used for determination of Sulfur content in barite samples by using thermal conductivity detection method and it can offer a highly accurate measurement for Sulfur in barite. Brief Comparison between Radiometric and Mass Spectrometric Techniques for Radium and Radon determination In table 2, a summery presents main comparison of the above techniques for our application of barite samples. Gamma spectromertry is considered as the simplest and most rapid technique, but with low sensitivity. Alpha spectrometry technique is well known and reliable technique for 226Ra measurement with very low detection limit, but it not capable to carry out 228Ra analysis and it requires the sample   to be digested by mixture of acids and then follows by ion chromatography for selective radium separation method. LSC can only be used to measure 228Ra down to 25mBq; however, it needs many steps for chemical separation as well as chemical digestion for barite. All mass spectrometric techniques with an exceptional of LA-ICP-MS   require the removal of barium from the barite sample in order to prevent interferences and the chemical isolation of barium from radium of certified reference geological material showed a very comparable date with the recommended   values in the certificates. From the above analytical techniques survey of radium isotopes, It is suggested to carry out   determination of radium and radon isotopes using MC-ICP-MS because it is the right technique as it ensures the precise and efficient measurement of not only radium but for uranium and thorium series isotopes, too. Comparison between radiometric and mass s 1 Technique Nuclides Detection limits Chemical separation Interferences Counting time ÃŽ ³-Spectr 226Ra 0.1-1Bq No 235U 4-6h LSC 226Ra (via its daughter.) 0.3-1.4mBq Yes(1 month) 6-8h ÃŽ ±-Spectr. 226Ra 0.2-0.5mBq Yes(more than month) No 16hr TIMS 226Ra 37 µBq Yes (more than month) Ba and Sr 20-30 min ICP-MS 226Ra 0.1-0.5mBq Yes (more than month) Ba, Sr, and Pb 10min AMS 226Ra 0.1mBq Yes (more than month) 30min ÃŽ ±-Spec. 228Ra Not possible LSC 228Ra 25mBq Yes (more than month) 1h TIMS 228Ra 12mBq Yes (more than month) Ba, Sr 30min Further Suggestions Since both radium and radon isotopes are generated in barite and that can subsequently be transported to the water by a variety of means such as diffusion across the barite-water interface and then later water can be driven by wind. 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Measurement of plutonium and other actinides at the Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry: A comparative assessment of competing techniques. s.l.  : Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Report No. UCRL-ID-133118, 1999. 41. Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for the North Central Region. Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station SB 1001  : North Central Regional Research Publication No. 221, Jan 1998. 42. Theory, Design, and Operation of a Dynamic Reaction Cell for ICP-MS. Baranov, Scott D. Tanner and Vladimir I. March/Aperil 1999., Atomic Specroscopy.Vol.20(2). 43. Precise analysis of the 228Ra/226Ra isotope ratio for short-lived U-series disequilibria in natural samples by total evaporation thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TE-TIMS). Nakamura, Tetsuya Yokoyama and Eizo. 2004, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, pp. 717-727. [1]   According to my knowledge microwave digestion offers incomplete dissolution for geological matrix. There some published articles have claimed that digesting   procedures have got   more 90% recovery using microwave.

How To Make a Dry Ice Balloon

How To Make a Dry Ice Balloon You usually blow up balloons with air or helium, but did you know you can get a balloon to inflate itself using dry ice? Heres how you perform this simple science project: Dry Ice Balloon Materials BalloonsDry Ice PelletsFunnel (optional) Its easiest to work with a funnel because it holds the neck of the balloon open. If you are working with dry ice pellets, you may find it easier to break or crush them so you can pour them into the balloon. However, if you wear gloves, its pretty simple to do this project with just your hands and a balloon. If you have a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, you can even make the dry ice yourself. What You Do Hold open the mouth of the balloon.Place or pour dry ice into the balloon.Tie off the balloon so that the gas wont escape.The balloon will inflate as you watch. Youll see water freeze on the outside of the balloon where the dry ice is cooling the air across the surface of the latex. How much the balloon inflates depends on how much dry ice you added. A small amount of dry ice will slightly inflate the balloon, while a large amount ultimately will make it pop. How It Works Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide. At normal atmospheric pressure, dry ice sublimates from a solid directly into a gas. As the gas warms, it expands. Carbon dioxide is more dense than air, so if you drop a dry ice balloon, it will fall to the ground rather than float like a helium balloon. Dry Ice Safety Dry ice is cold enough that it can give you frostbite after a very brief exposure. Its best to wear gloves for this project and to let the balloon inflate on a countertop and not in your hand. Also, dont eat the dry ice. Keep it away from children and pets.

Visual Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Visual Analysis - Assignment Example This document aims provides visual analysis of the painting, it shall further determine basic visual elements to analyze the artwork ‘Harmony in Red’. Analyzing the painting ‘Harmony in Red’ it can be observed that the painting portrays a scenario of the dinning room decorated with various types of fruits, vases and flowers. The painting gives an overall cheerful and bright affect in the minds of the people. The background of the painting is bright red; the motifs from the wall are falling down on the tablecloth of the dinning table. At the right hand side of the painting is a woman who is busy decorating the vases and fruit baskets on the table. In the middle, is a fruit basket that seems to be blurred and at the left are the chair and window. The window provides a different affect to the painting; use of cool colors of the window in the painting gives brighter affect to the painting. The painting is a bright luminous painting showing various objects in the painting. Analyzing the painting, it can be observed that the artist has made use of contour lines and implied line for showing the expression and sight of the women in the painting. The artist makes use of counter line to shoe define facial expression. In addition, the chair in the painting is made up of the same line, whereas the background of the painting has shaded and soft stroke to give a soft affect to the brightness of the red color. Analyzing the colors of the painting it can be observed that the use of red is extensively used in the painting with few blue line sin the motifs of the painting. This shows that the artist makes use of warm colors in the painting more than the cool cools. Warm colors create a warm and sensual impact in the minds of the viewers. Matisse in the painting makes excessive use of the saturation in the painting. In order to create a bright and warm look in the

The characteristics of customer relationship management in Apple Essay

The characteristics of customer relationship management in Apple Company - Essay Example CRM is regarded as not just the application of technology, but also a strategy to learn more about customers' needs and behaviours in order to develop stronger relationships with them (Yu, 2009). As such, it is more of a business philosophy than a technical solution to assist in dealing with customers effectively and efficiently. Nevertheless, successful CRM relies on the use of technology. In this regard, Shanmugasundaram (2008) has noted that so far as the technological architecture of CRM is concerned, it is broadly categorized into 3 types which are as follows: Operational Analytical Collaborative Also, Bergeron (2002) has been of the opinion that CRM is a technology; and that it is basically a process that helps firms to create â€Å"consistent, repeatable and measurable results†. Thus the overt reliance of CRM on technology is facilitated through the various scholars who have noted the degree to which technology is a facilitator in CRM. Shanmugasundaram (2008) has been o f the opinion that there are various typical features of any good CRM program. CRM is basically linked to the corporate level strategy of the organization and envisages the establishment as well as the maintenance of long lasting relationships among the customers and the firm. However, it is always difficult to implement a successful CRM strategy. Bergeron (2008) has stated that overtly technologically reliant CRM policies may not always turn out to be electronically feasible. The author further notes that various technological problems as well as other issues arise while implementing an otherwise sound CRM policy plan on paper into action. Moreover, among the other major problems that arise is that the firm may not have a high level of technological expertise and the lack of such technological expertise may result in the firm’s outsourcing of the CRM implementation parts. This in turn makes the valuable data of the firm susceptible to the potential threat of the data falling in the hands of outsiders as well. Also, Bergeron (2002) states that technology is an integral part of the overall CRM process. In this regard, again, security and privacy can pose to be issues that may turn out to be hard to sort out during the implementation phase. So far as the ambit of CRM is concerned, it is seen as the automation of horizontally integrated business processes involving front office customer contact points via multiple, interconnected delivery channels (Peelen, 2003). Thus the purview of CRM spreads across various important functions of business like marketing, sales, service as well as support. Given the reach of CRM or for that matter the latest concept of using CRM from a strategic point of view, it becomes very important to ensure that proper care is taken in order to ensure proper planning as well implementation of CRM policies within the organization. In the context of the present study, it is imperative that the firm under consideration has indeed left a n indelible mark in recent times given the practices in retail marketing vis a vis customer relationship management. Thus the study envisages delving deep into the area of customer relationship management in general and that of the Apple company in particular in order to come up with insights as well as findings regarding the

Impact of Remuneration to Motivate Employees

Impact of Remuneration to Motivate Employees This dissertation is based on a concept of human resource management, which is an important aspect for the success of the firm. The research topic of this dissertation is Investigate the impact of Remuneration to motivate employees in the Fast Food Industry: A Case Study of McDonalds. Remuneration is one of the main tools to appraise the performances of the employees, which ultimately motivates them to work with zeal and enthusiasm. This topic is mainly focused that managers uses remuneration as a tool of motivation. Case study of McDonalds will help to evaluate the importance of remuneration as an important tool for managers to motivate employees. Introduction Remuneration is directly or indirectly one of the mainsprings of the motivation in the society. A well defined compensation system leads to motivate the employees, which further leads to increase productivity (Chi and Han 2008). This research study mainly focuses on the relationship between remuneration and motivation. Yermack (2004) has asserted in his study that all the business organizations act like a profit maximization institution, so they put their efforts to improve performance of its employees by motivating them. This motivation ultimately helps the organizations to increase productivity level. Work motivation is interrelated with job satisfaction. Money often is looked upon as a means of fulfilling the most basic needs of man. These needs are made available through the purchasing power provided by monetary income: remuneration and salary of individual (Stajkovic and Luthans 2003). According to different motivation theories, such as Maslows Need Hierarchy, Two factor theory given by Herzbergs, McGregors theory X and theory Y, Achievement Theory, Taylors Motivational Theory, etc. Money is one of the main sources to persuade the behaviour of an individual towards his organization and work productivity (Wheeler 2008). Thus, it is necessary for the corporate executives or managers to be aware with the economical and social background of employees to offer good remunerations as per their talent and skills and motivate them to work. The general meaning of remuneration is the basic salary or pay of an employee, but in the broader sense, remuneration comprises salary, fringe benefits, compensation, bonus, commissions, employee stock op tion, etc. (Guedri and Hollandts 2008). In the current business scenario, managing and motivating human resources has become a complicated task. In this highly changing and competitive environment, remuneration is one of the main tools for the manager to improve the productivity of the employees, to attract competent personnel, to retain present employees, to reduce the rate of absents and employee turnover, to manage job sequences, to strengthen union management relationships, to improve public image of the company, etc. (Perry, Mesch and Paarlberg 2006). This research study would target the remuneration procedure in fast food industry of the United States of America, by using McDonalds, worlds number one fast food restaurant. Presently, the structure of fast food industry has become complicated and its success is mainly dependent upon the qualified and talented employees, who are able to understand the changing needs and requirements of the customers. Competitive pressure and environmental changes has increased the importance of motivational practices for managers to boost the performance of the employees. This dissertation will focus on the issue that how managers of McDonalds use remuneration practices to motivate the employees and creating competitive advantages in the industry. Additionally, this dissertation will also discuss the interrelationship between remuneration and motivation with the help of different motivation theories. Research Aims and Objectives During this research work, the researcher would examine the need and importance of motivation tools for the managers and how remuneration would help the managers to motivate employees in McDonalds. The main objectives, which are coming out of this research, are as follow: ? The foremost objective of this dissertation is to identify the impact of remuneration practices on the performance of the employees in the fast food industry. ? Second objective of this research study is to identify the relationship between remuneration and motivation, on the basis of different motivational theories. ? Next objective is to understand the remuneration practices and procedures used by managers in McDonalds to motivate the employees. ? Another objective of this research dissertation is to compare performances of employees in McDonalds with its rival companies to identify the importance of and advantages remuneration to motivate the employees. ? Additionally, suggesting different strategies and practices to compensate employees as per remuneration act is also one of the main objectives of this study. Background Information McDonalds is one of the biggest fast food family restaurants, which operates in more than 120 countries and serve more than 47 million customers in a day (McDonalds: About Company, 2010). It doles out some of the favourite foods all around the world like World Famous French Fries, Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, Chicken McNuggets and Egg McMuffin. Success of the firm is highly dependent upon its HRM practices and efforts put by its managers and employees. All the HR policies of the companies are defined very clearly for the benefit of all stakeholders. The main aim of the HRM department of the company is to offer best services to the customers by ensuring that the company has skilled, motivated and committed employees. Remuneration practices used by the firm are also very good and effective and based on various motivational theories. Remuneration is not a new concept for the business organizations. In the corporate world, all the members from owner to lower level employees work for money. Not only in MNCs but also in small shops, everybody wants high remuneration and financial incentives to fulfil their basic needs, thus, it is necessary to work hard to improve the productivity of the employees and earn more money (Yermack 2004). Corporate world has become competitive, in this concern, top executive and managers uses management practices and motivational theories to enhance the skills and productivity of the employees and earn high money. Thus, fair remuneration practise are used by the managers. This creates a feeling of satisfaction among employees to fulfil their needs (Chi and Han 2008). According to the assumptions of motivation, compensation and incentive is direct tool to motivate employees. Managers in McDonalds have taken a complete overview of this concept and motivate employees by offering good remuneration and performance incentives. Presently, companies are following the system of paying for performance. Qualification and experience are also important but work performance enables employees to get good remuneration (Perry, Mesch and Paarlberg 2006). For example, if a marketing manager is highly qualified but he is not able to conduct a market research effectively and his working output is very low, company would not give a high remuneration and other financial incentives to him. On the other hand, if a sales executive has average qualification and he serve more number of customers by showing his abilities and maintaining good relations with them; he would be definitely promoted by the company and would get monetary rewards also (Wheeler 2008). Thus, it is very clear that money matters for all the employees, whether they are at high position or belongs to middle and lower levels. Remuneration requires by all the employees to fulfil their basic needs and non-monetary and monetary rewards and compensation are also given by the firm to develop job satisfaction and control the rate of employee turnover (Guedri and Hollandts 2008). Thus, this research study would focus on McDonalds, which has effective HR and compensation policies to pay its employees and motivate them to put their best efforts to achieve the goals and objectives of the firm. Literature Review Motivation is a process to push employees towards some work in order to satisfy a need. Most of people work to reach some specified goals. It is the reason that motivation is goal-directed drive that causes to person to act. Mathis and Jackson (2008) defined that need, desire; want and drive all are similar to motivation. They described that understanding of motivation is important for organizations as reaction to compensation. Compensation and motivation are directly proportional to each other (Ajila and Abiola 2004). Performance of employees, rate of absenteeism and turnover are affected by motivation and remuneration and also influenced to motivation. Managers can use different motivational tools to motivate their employees and remuneration is one of main tools among all of them. Remuneration can be defined as the monetary motivation tool that influences the behaviour of employees towards work (Armstrong, Murlis and Group 2007). In the words of Perry, Mesch and Paarlberg (2006) each employee should receive a general compensation for their efforts, role and responsibilities followed by him in the company. Before deciding a form and amount of remuneration, several considerations are there such as general economic climate, specific business condition, cost-of living and worker qualification and productivity that a firm must consider (Carraher 2011). Different authors described about the relationship between remuneration and motivation. In order to support this relationship, Mathis and Jackson (2008) stated that remuneration is different from motivation and it is related with Herzbergs hygiene factors. Remuneration includes several th ings such as bonuses, commission, salary, fringe benefits such as pensions, holiday entitlement. The study of Chapman and Kelliher (2011) represent that employees motivation does not only come from decision mix (amount of pay) of an organization policy but also it comes from the understanding of individuals. The remuneration of an employee depends on several factors such as basic needs, psychological needs, social needs, performance of individual, productivity, profitability return, etc. (Khan, Farooq and Ullahb 2010). In favour of this, Kmiotek and Lewicka (2008) stated that effective motivation does not only involves proper implementation of remuneration policy but also involves some other motivators such as organization of work, HR development and training, performance management tools, performance appraisal, etc. According to the HR experts, creation of effective reward system is necessary to motivate employees but there is a need of good and enthusiastic managers, who can drive people towards good performance. In order to create an effective motivation process, it is necessary that there should be an appropriate remuneration policy for employees (Kubr 2002). According to Ajila and Abiola (2004) there are two types of rewards such as intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic rewards are related with the rewards that are natural with job. This reward is achieved by individuals when they successfully achieve their own objectives. On the other hand, extrinsic rewards are outside the job such as working condition, security, promotion, working environment and service contact. Presently, in order to motivate employees, both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards should be a part of remuneration policy. It is also well discussed that individuals effectively work to the extent for the job, which provides them remuneration if they are intrinsically motivated. In contrast to this, if people are extrinsically motivated, they effectively work to the extent by which they can attain external rewards from the job (Chapman and Kelliher 2011). Thus, it can be concluded that if the remuneration is intrinsic to the job, desire for motivation is also intrinsic or if the remuneration is extrinsic to the job, desire for motivation is also extrinsic to the job (Ajila and Abiola 2004). Perry, Mesch and Paarlberg (2006) stated in their research study that in this new government era, in order to increase the performance and productivity of the employees, managers should adopt good remuneration policies. This will ultimately help the business organizations to offer quality services and products to the customers (Maxwell 2008). It is the reason that most of employers now use remuneration policies to attract, motivate, retain and satisfy employees. It is founded through different research that performance-based remuneration motivates employees to work hard (Ajila and Abiola 2004). The study of Khan, Farooq and Ullahb (2010) support the arguments of Ajila and Abiola (2004) and said that in an effective rewards system, there are several factors that influences the performance of employees such as basic remuneration, bonus, incentives, fringe benefits, monetary and non monetary rewards, commission, etc. All these factors are good sources to boost the performance of the employees. Carraher (2011) defined that remuneration helps in developing strong relationship between employers and employees. It is founded by researchers that employees motivate through different monetary remuneration and an effective remuneration helps in reducing absenteeism, turnover intentions, provides organizational attractiveness to different job seekers and also helps in increasing employees job performance (Kmiotek and Lewicka 2008). It has been stated by Guedri and Hollandts (2008) in their study that managers in different organizations consider remuneration as a major factor that helps in increasing productivity of employees. Remuneration is an important tool that focuses on motivating employees performance and behaviour. The study of Employee retention and organizational performance (2011) also support the views of Carraher (2011) and asserted, it is necessary that there must be appropriate rewards in order to satisfy and motivate employees. In contrast to both Carraher (2011) and Employee retention and organizational performance (2011), Mathis and Jackson (2008) said that other factors such as job itself, participation, appropriate feedbacks, morale and discipline are more important than remuneration that impact on remuneration. According to Blythe (2005), in the present competitive environment, job satisfaction is more important than money, thus, manager should concentrate on all non-monetary factors, promotions, health insurance, rewards systems, etc. Zyl (2010) has stated in his research study that there is a positive relation between labour productivity and employee remuneration, which is also supported by Carraher (2011). It is the reason that greater the employee remuneration, higher the level of labour productivity. Several reasons support this fact such as if an organization adopts more differentiate remuneration, it will enhance the human efforts and a higher remuneration structure also enhances the productivity of employees (Montana and Charnov 2008). At the same time Zyl (2010) also assesrted that if gaps between employee remuneration is regularly increase, it would ultimately increases gap and convert positive relations between employees performance and remuneration into negative. There are several reasons such as if it is filled by employees that their real remuneration is less than the fair remuneration, it can cause for negative relationship. Kubr (2002) Stated that an effective remuneration system does not only enhance the performance of people, who are already working well but also it is used to enhances the performance of people who are not performing well. Remuneration play an important role in motivating employees but different employees motivate through different factors. An effective remuneration package includes several elements. These elements are as below: First, element is salary that includes different things such as pay, commission, profit related pay and share dividends. Second element is related with different facilities such as insurance, healthcare schemes and pension. Other elements are availability of discounts on companies product and service for employees and subsidiary for meals and accommodation (Kubr 2002). Salais and Villeneuve (2004) support, Kubr (2002) and said that remuneration is a better tool to motivate employees for better performance. There are three basic remuneration components such as bonuses, basic pay and profit-sharing schemes that influence the performance of employees. Armstrong, Murlis and Group (2007) described about the effectiveness of remuneration as a mean of motivation such as: ? In order to motivate employees through remuneration, it is necessary that remuneration should be equitable and externally competitive. ? Contribution systems and pay for performance system are created on the basis and understanding that directs that motivation is only takes place when the rewards are worthwhile. ? Each employee understands about the workings of financial reward system and about the benefits that is provided by it. They also know about the skills and competences of remuneration system (Murlis and Hay Group 2007). In the fast food industry, remuneration is an important part that managers use to motivate employees and enhance their productivity level. In contrast to this statement Schlosser (2001) defined that if there are lack of secure employment and good wages in fast food organization, managers use team spirit in order to motivate employees by saying that, if one employee is arriving late and do not work hard, it also affects the performance of their friends as well as their co-workers. It also helps in motivating employees, so that they can improve their performance. It has been also defined that employees work only to increase their profits and this is the reason that if organizations provide more remuneration to the employees, it helps in generating more output (Wales and Reaich 2004). Development of an employee is directly proportional to the development of the organization. If the remuneration is directly related with work performance, employee will work hard. It is the reason that most of managers use remuneration to motivate employees. Managers clearly stated in their organizations policies that if employees work hard they can earn higher profits and it is the reason that employees are motivated through this policy. Good return and high profit will allow the organizations to hare the profit with employees, thus they should work hard to get good remuneration (Yermack 2004). Zyl (2010) has been also found in their research that if employees are motivated through remuneration, there are two positive effects of this such as it helps in reducing the labour turnover from organizations and it also helps in enhancing the more salary and good working environment. Thus, it is fact that it helps in generating a productive team of efficient and talented people for the enterprise (Wales and Reaich 2004). According to them remuneration as a managerial tool to motivate employees is important for several reasons. These reasons are as below: ? Remuneration is a tool to impartial measurement of different employees. It is because if employees get more facility instead of money, it does not motivate employees to work harder. ? With the increment in salary, employees can maintain their honour, prestige and ensure economic security (Wales and Reaich 2004). ? They also argued that remuneration is a more efficient motivating factor as it can easily increase or decrease according to the proportion of work. ? Remuneration also helps in increasing the self-confidence of employees that further helps in improving the standard of living (Wales and Reaich 2004). Thus, finally it has been concluded in many research studies that remuneration is an important tool that several managers use to increase the performance of their employees. Justification of the Study This research study has its own significance to understand importance of remuneration for the business firms to improve the performances of employees and for the individuals to fulfil their desires. Although this research topic is related with the HRM but it has a broad significance in the society. Remuneration means salary and pay that is paid by employers to its employees. Money is the foremost sources for the well living of individuals, which help them to fulfil their basic needs. Presently, innovations and changes in the economical, social and technological environment have enhanced the living standard of individuals (Mathis and Jackson 2008). Money allows them to enjoy a lavish life and raise their social standard, thus, this research topic is very much beneficial for the managers to understand that how remuneration practices enables them to motivate employees to work with zeal and enthusiasm. The main reason behind selecting the fast food industry and McDonalds is the popularity. Growth and success of fast food industry attract individuals to earn good remuneration. McDonalds provide good remuneration to its employees, who develop high level of job satisfaction among the employees; thus, this example would provide valid and true information. Although job satisfaction and enrichment is also important for the development of the employees, but money has also its own importance. This research study would be beneficial for all kinds of firms such as international, MNCs, small and medium size firms, to improve the productivity of the employees. Managers would also able to understand the significance of remuneration tool to boost the morale of employees and motivate them to achieve the goals on time. Research methodology Research methodology can be discussed as a systematic process, which assists researchers to collect, organize, record, and evaluate the data and information to resolve the problem and draw a valid and reliable conclusion (Bordens 2006). Selection of research methodology is a significant task for the researcher. In order to select suitable methodology, firstly, researcher would use appropriate approach. Research Approach: There are mainly two kinds of research approaches inductive and deductive. Inductive Research Approach: In this kind of research, theories are developed according to the situation or problem (Crowther and Lancaster 2008). All these theories enable the researcher to explain data and information. This is very flexible in nature and based on bottom up approach. In this kind of approach, researcher evaluates a main concept and generalizes this view as per the research problem. It is related to the interpretivism point of view (Gill and Johnson 2002). On the other hand, this kind of research approach also involves some extent of uncertainty. Deductive Research Approach: Deductive research approach is mainly based on the positivism paradigm. In this kind of approach, research develops theories and hypothesis and tests these theories with the help of empirical observations. This approach is top to bottom approach in which researcher evaluates general views to reach at specific situation (Hyde 2000). The suitable research approach for this study would be inductive because this research focuses on the specific areas of human resource management, which are remuneration and employees motivation. Both of these concepts have their own significance in the success of a company as well as individuals. Thus, this research approach is more appropriate to explore the effectiveness of remuneration to motivate the employees and improve their productivity (Burke 2007). Deductive research approach would not be used because HRM has not given any kind of theory to defined remuneration. Basically, this is a pay given by companies to the employees for their job performance that can be used to develop a hypothesis for the research study. Appropriate Research Methodology: There are numerous research methodologies such as theoretical, applied, analytical, descriptive and empirical. Selection of research methodology would be based on the nature of research problem. In order to select the appropriate research method, it is essential to understand the nature of the research problem. The suitable research methodology for this research topic would be descriptive and applied research methodology. The main reason behind choosing this methodology is its advantage of identifying population characteristics (number of employees to collect primary data) in McDonalds to understand the impotence of remuneration to motivate employees and develop feeling of job satisfaction among them. It is a flexible methodology in which researcher uses several variables and lot of information to solve the problem or to achieve research objectives. It has flexible nature, which comprises both qualitative and quantitative research process (Cooper and Schindler 2007). We are not using other research methodologies because they are not appropriate for this study. In theoretical research, there is lack of experimental analysis and in analytical research there is a restriction of theoretical background (Goddard and Melville 2004). On the other hand, empirical research methodology is highly based on observation and field data rather than theoretical. Thus all these methodologies are not well appropriate for this study. In descriptive and applied research methodologies, the research got a chance to use both concepts and observational method. Both of these methods are also beneficial to manage cost and time (Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger 2005). Data Collection Method to collect Primary and Secondary Data: After deciding research approaches and methodologies, appropriate data collection method would also be selected. In order to investigate impact of remuneration and different motivational tools on the performance of employees in McDonalds, we would focus on two different types of methods. Primary research and secondary research are two different types. In order to complete this research study, the propose research types are primary as well as secondary. Primary research type comprises observations, survey and interviews through questionnaires, whereas secondary research methods comprises evaluation of reliable academic articles and published studies that are previously done by other researchers (Scruggs and Mastropieri 2006). Questionnaire can be defined as a set of some important questions that are related to the research problem. In order to collect primary data, a set of questionnaire would be used to conduct a survey process. Some well defined questions would be e-mailed to the participants in the form of questionnaire, so that it will be easy for the researcher to get back the responses of participants and carry out the research study in a systematic way. This is a suitable way to collect important qualitative data, which comprises low cost and also free from discrimination (Stead 2001). On the other hand, this research methodology has also some restrictions such as dully filled questionnaires, lack of reliability on data, low rate of return, etc. This kind of research strategy can be used only in the situation when the participants are well educated and collaborates (Bordens 2006). In case of this research study, the research would target the employees of McDonalds, who are well qualified and experienced to understand the importance of research topic for their personal, social and organizational welfare. In order to minimize the chances of discrimination, an observation methodology would also used. The information gathered by researcher at his personal level would be observed through graphical and tabular presentation to manage the thematic analysis (Crowther and Lancaster 2008). In order to collect secondary data and information variety of academic journal would be analyzed after assessing their credibility. Most of the portion of this research study would be based on the secondary data. Primary data would be used for a limited extent because it is really difficult to select appropriate participants and contact with all the participants for their valid and reliable response. By using secondary data and information, it would be easy for the researcher to enhance the credibility of the research (Cooper and Schindler 2007). Apart from research articles, companies report, different case studies would also be used. The researcher philosophy for this study would interpretive, which provide subjective reasoning according to the secondary data and real life examples (Scruggs and Mastropieri 2006). Justification of Research Methodology Both primary and secondary research methods are used to collect data, which are questionnaire, observation and review of academic journals. All these methodologies would be beneficial for this study to find the real facts and figures. According to the inductive research approach and descriptive and applied research methodologies, these are absolutely suitable strategies for this dissertation. The main aim of the researcher is to understand the impact of remuneration and motivational practices on employee performances by minimizing the errors, thus all these strategies would be beneficial to reach at the valid conclusion (Silverman 2004). Survey through questionnaire and observation method has many advantages and it is very much useful for the researcher to understand the real life situations to achieve the objectives of this research study. Survey through questionnaire is a very efficient technique to collect data and information from a large number of populations. In this research study, researcher has selected a small sample size, which gives an idea to him for the large population, thus both survey and observation methodology would be appropriate (Marczyk, DeMatteo and Festinger 2005). It is valid and reliable research methodology, through which research can study beliefs, attitude and behavior of employees and managers due to different remuneration packages. In questionnaire and observation method, extent of subjectivity and discrimination is limited. On the other hand, secondary research method enables researcher to evaluate the subjectivity of the research topic. Ethical Consideration In order to conduct any research study, it is necessary for the researcher to concentrate on the research ethics and integrity. Without ethics and integrity, research study has no value. This research study would also be conducted on ground of ethical boundaries, which ultimately help the researcher to achieve consistent and dependable result. Following ethics in research also shows the concern and responsibility of the researcher towards society and corporate environment (Resnik n.d.). The researcher would develop a code of ethics with the help of corporate lawyer. The researcher would establish ethical guidelines according to the law and regulations. Conducting an unethical research will ultimately lead confusions for the society and readers, which would waste the effort and hard work of the researcher (Ethics in Research 2010). The code of ethics would lead surety about the safety and security of data and information. The researcher would ensure the participants that he would not disclose their personal and professionals information. Researcher, his team and all the participants would follow integrity, honesty and dependability to conclude and authentic result. The researcher will record all the information to in hard copies and soft copies to by accessing passwords and security codes (Resnik n.d.). Researcher would follow non-discrimination practices to collect and evaluate primary and secondary data. Possible information sources In order to collect secondary data to accomplish the research and achieve the objectives, different sources would be used by the researcher. These sourc